A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a device that converts digital signals into analog signals, allowing them to be transmitted over traditional communication channels or processed by analog circuits. This conversion process is essential in various applications where data needs to be represented in both digital and analog forms. In a DAC, the digital signal is first decoded and then converted into an equivalent analog voltage or current using techniques such as pulse-width modulation (PWM), delta-sigma modulation, or pulse-code modulation (PCM). The resulting analog output can be used for various purposes, including audio reproduction, image processing, or control system applications. DACs are commonly used in conjunction with digital-to-analog converters to enable the transmission of data over long distances and to facilitate communication between digital systems. They play a crucial role in many areas where accurate signal representation is necessary, such as in telecommunications, medical devices, and industrial automation.